Explain each type of topology with key features.

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Bus topology: all devices connect to a single backbone cable using T-connectors; data travels in both directions; terminators are used at both ends to prevent signal reflection; requires the least cabling and is cost-effective; fault-prone if the backbone breaks. Star topology: all devices connect to a central device (hub, switch, or router) via separate cables; fault tolerant since a single device/cable failure does not affect others; but the whole network fails if the central device fails. Ring topology: every device connects to exactly two others, forming a closed loop; often uses token passing so only the token holder can send data, preventing collisions; the whole network can stop if any device or cable fails. Hybrid topology: combines two or more topologies (e.g., star and ring) into a single network to use their advantages and reduce drawbacks; it is flexible, scalable, and reliable, but more complex and costly to design and maintain.